What does mutation refer to in genetic terms?

Mutation refers to a permanent genetic change that occurs in the DNA sequence of an organism. This change can happen due to various factors such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to certain chemicals, or radiation. Unlike temporary changes or adaptations, mutations can be inherited by subsequent generations if they occur in the germ cells.

When a mutation is present, it can lead to a change in an organism's traits, potentially affecting its survival and reproduction. These genetic alterations are fundamental to the process of evolution, as they provide the raw material for natural selection to act upon. This concept is crucial for understanding not only basic genetics but also broader biological processes, such as species adaptation and diversity.

Other options describe concepts that are not equivalent to mutation. For instance, a temporary change in an organism's characteristics does not involve an alteration at the genetic level, while environmental adaptations pertain to the behavior or morphology of an organism rather than its genetic makeup. Similarly, the crossing of different species can lead to hybridization but is distinct from mutations, which are singular changes in genetic material.